Prelab Exercise

1. Fill the Color field in the table below
2. Use plot.ly to create a line graph with the 3 samples below (A, B, C)
   • plot % Reflectance on the Y-axis and Wavelength (nm)  on the X-axis

		% Reflectance
Color	nm	A	B	C
	400	68	92	78
	425	40	71	77
	450	90	38	51
	475	97	49	57
	500	100	92	45
	525	100	100	66
	550	96	97	100
	575	98	96	100
	600	96	98	100
	625	97	80	100
	650	79	71	100
	675	56	96	100
	700	88	100	100

Stop and Think: Reflectance

A sign of plant health is viewed through the near infra-red. While we cannot see this spectrum of light with our eyes, we can use other sensors to detect this light. Compare the images of the Black & White with the Infra-red image. What differences can you see in the 2 images that will help you understand how this is a useful measure of plant health? How do you think this is corresponds to the table above?

Reflectance Slider shows an overlay of the next images

Visible light wavelengths (between 400nm-700nm) are strongly absorbed by the pigments in leaves (Chlorophylls, Xanthophylls, Carotenoids). These pigments utilize the energy of these wavelengths to take part in the light reactions. The cellular structure of leaves do not absorb wavelengths longer than these wavelengths (>700nm in the infra-red range). By comparing the amount of visible light to the amount of near infra-red light that are reflected, one can gauge the relative health of leaves, forests or jungles . This is the rough description of the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) that scientists use in conjunction with satellite imagery to assess the health of vegetation.

The Role of Light in Carbohydrate Synthesis

1. Pick a leaf from a geranium exposed to light and one kept in the dark for 48 hours.
   • keep the stem on the leaf grown in light
   • remove the stem from the leaf grown in the dark
2. Hydrolyze the cell walls of the geranium leaves by boiling in a water bath for 5 minutes or until it looks like over-cooked vegetables)
3. “Bleach“ the leaves by  removing the pigments. Place the leaves in hot alcohol for 7 minutes or until they turn white.
   1. Save this green solution for Absorbance Spectrum exercise
4. Remove the leaves and place it in a petri dish.
5. Add iodine to the dish. If starch is present, the leaf will turn a deep bluish-black color.
6. Photograph the leaf with your phone to document the effects of light on carbohydrate storage.

Measuring Absorbance

1. Connect the Spectrovis to the LabQuest2
2. Turn on the Labquest2 units
3. Choose the Labquest app
4. Select the icon that looks like X|Y
5. Press the green Play button on the bottom left
6. Press OK to calibrate
7. Let the machine calibrate for 90 seconds
8. Choose “Finish calibration”
9. Insert the Geranium pigment from the bleaching reaction
   1. Do NOT use Acetone in these plastic cuvettes since it will frost over the plastic
10. Press the Red Stop button
11. Students should record the absorbance values at every 10 nm  from 380nm-700nm
12. The professor will prepare Spirulina extract diluted in ethanol in a cuvette and obtain the continuous absorbance spectrum.
13. Plot Relative Absorbance against wavelength using a line graph and compare the absorption spectrum of the extracts.
    1. Relative Absorbance sets the maximum value in each dataset as a denominator
    2. Every value is divided by this maximum value